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Charles Darwin

1809 AD — 1882 AD

Darwin challenges confident claims that human origins cannot be investigated and distinguishes unreliable facts from hypotheses open to correction. Read both passages as parts of a historical scientific argument.

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Historical source references

Life and writing

The checked catalogue gives Charles Darwin’s lifetime as 1809–1882 and credits Sue Asscher and David Widger for this electronic text. The book is written in English, and the linked text includes a preface to the second edition. The catalogue HTML ISBN identifies this digital reading. It is a historical scientific work, containing obsolete classifications and racial hierarchies; its catalogue description is not evidence that all its claims represent current science.

Project Gutenberg catalogue — The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ↗Checked related reading — The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ↗ Catalogue identity/lifetime and linked edition credits, framing or cast

In the Introduction, Darwin answers those who assert confidently that science cannot solve the question of human origins. His contrast between ignorance and knowledge addresses that particular claim of impossibility. In Chapter XXI, he acknowledges that some of his own views may be erroneous, then distinguishes persistent false facts from views that can be refuted. The selected second extract stops within a longer source sentence, whose continuation describes correction opening a path toward truth. These passages invite scrutiny of evidence; they do not prove that all confidence is ignorance or that false hypotheses never cause harm.

Checked related reading — The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ↗ Introduction; confidence about the limits of scientific inquiry; Chapter XXI, General Summary and Conclusion; false facts, false views and correction

Reading this voice

Read the Introduction beside the concluding admission of possible error. Follow the second extract into its next clause. Distinguish Darwin’s argument for scientific investigation from the book’s obsolete social and biological assumptions.

Subjects to explore

Editorial reading connections, distinct from the archive’s word matching.

A work to read

Begin with these archive passages

Editorial starting points from this author’s existing entries.

Profile sources and editorial status

Original agent-assisted editorial profile, checked 2026-10-05. No human review is recorded. Life dates are recorded to the year; they do not date individual quotations.

Archive entries

05Undated
For my own part I would as soon be descended from that heroic little monkey, who braved his dreaded enemy in order to save the life of his keeper; or from that old baboon, who, descending from the mountains, carried away in triumph his young comrade from a crowd of astonished dogs—as from a savage who delights to torture his enemies, offers up bloody sacrifices, practices infanticide without remorse, treats his wives like slaves, knows no decency, and is haunted by the grossest superstitions.
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07Undated
There are several other sources of enjoyment in a long voyage, which are of a more reasonable nature. The map of the world ceases to be a blank; it becomes a picture full of the most varied and animated figures. Each part assumes its proper dimensions: continents are not looked at in the light of islands, or islands considered as mere specks, which are, in truth, larger than many kingdoms of Europe. Africa, or North and South America, are well-sounding names, and easily pronounced; but it is not until having sailed for weeks along small portions of their shores, that one is thoroughly convinced what vast spaces on our immense world these names imply.
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10Undated
It may be worth while to illustrate this view of classification, by taking the case of languages. If we possessed a perfect pedigree of mankind, a genealogical arrangement of the races of man would afford the best classification of the various languages now spoken throughout the world; and if all extinct languages, and all intermediate and slowly changing dialects, were to be included, such an arrangement would be the only possible one. Yet it might be that some ancient languages had altered very little and had given rise to few new languages, whilst others had altered much owing to the spreading, isolation, and state of civilisation of the several co-descended races, and had thus given rise to many new dialects and languages. The various degrees of difference between the languages of the same stock, would have to be expressed by groups subordinate to groups; but the proper or even the only possible arrangement would still be genealogical; and this would be strictly natural, as it would connect together all languages, extinct and recent, by the closest affinities, and would give the filiation and origin of each tongue.
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16Undated
But just in proportion as this process of extermination has acted on an enormous scale, so must the number of intermediate varieties, which have formerly existed, be truly enormous. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory. The explanation lies, as I believe, in the extreme imperfection of the geological record.
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17Undated
When we no longer look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension; when we regard every production of nature as one which has had a history; when we contemplate every complex structure and instinct as the summing up of many contrivances, each useful to the possessor, nearly in the same way as when we look at any great mechanical invention as the summing up of the labour, the experience, the reason, and even the blunders of numerous workmen; when we thus view each organic being, how far more interesting, I speak from experience, will the study of natural history become!
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23Undated
Nothing at first can appear more difficult to believe than that the more complex organs and instincts should have been perfected, not by means superior to, though analogous with, human reason, but by the accumulation of innumerable slight variations, each good for the individual possessor. Nevertheless, this difficulty, though appearing to our imagination insuperably great, cannot be considered real if we admit the following propositions, namely,— that gradations in the perfection of any organ or instinct, which we may consider, either do now exist or could have existed, each good of its kind,— that all organs and instincts are, in ever so slight a degree, variable,— and, lastly, that there is a struggle for existence leading to the preservation of each profitable deviation of structure or instinct. The truth of these propositions cannot, I think, be disputed.
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